In the C19th, Victorian Science, was a revolution which was boosted by the pioneering theories of great names like Huxley, Lamark, Wallace, Haeckel and Darwin on natural selection and species evolution, since a common ancestor for man and apes against the Biblical conception of one creation, was suggested by them.
Apestulance that an apeman, Pithecanthropus existed, who would have made a sunken continent called Lemuria, close to India his habitat, was made by Ernst Haeckel.

The Dutch Anthropologist, Eugene Dubois who in 1983 discovered a Pithecanthropus erectus or the man from Java and so contributed the First evidence for the existance of Pithecanthropus, was obsessed by the quest for the ‘Missing Link’ between man and ape.

The place where mankind was born, located to be the Asian continent by the trends of time, based on Lemuna hypothesis and this evidence provided by Eugene.
It was not until Darwin’s theory which located the ‘Humankind Craddle’ in Africa started gaining Empirical support that Kattwinkel acted his famous stumble.
In South Africa, still in 1893, the fossil remains of an approximately 2 million year old pre-hominid, Australopithecus africanus being older than Dubois’ ape man by one million years was unearthed by Dart and Broom.
During the First 3 decades of the C20th, the role   this new genera as an ancestor of modern man kept on generating discussion as new discoveries started outlining this new genera’s genealogy.

The Olduvai site at which 400 skull fragments of a prehominid, Zinjanthropus boisei were discovered in 1959, was extensively studies in 1931 by Dr. Louis Leakey together with his fiancée Mary, Kenyans of British Origin.
That Zinjanthropus was an actual evolved primate capable of carving stone to make tools was a suggestion by the adjacent remains.
Zinjanthropus afterwards re-classified age was dated 1.75 million years within the Australopithecus genera in 1961.
This was cited to be the First evidence showing that pre hominids existed in East Africa.
Another evidence of huge importance and significance followed and in this one, remains of an evolved hominid able to carve stone axes, called the Homo habilis with an approximate age of 1.4 million years were discovered by the Leakeys in the year 1960.

A boast in the knowledge of Paleoanthropology was achieved by the 70’s and 80’s.
Footprints and fossils of hominids aged 3.6 million, who lived in the Laetoli area near Olduvai, were described by Mary Leakey.

The discoveries of Homo habilis remains dated 2 million years back were made by the exploration of the Koobi For a site near Lake Turkana by Mary’s son, Richard, together with the Kenya Paleonthologist, Benard Ngeno’s co-operation.
A skeleton of a 3.5 million years old female Australopithecus, which so far became the most ancient species of Australopithecus known, was unearthed by Don Johanson and Tim White, the creature of which, they gave a name Lucy. This was done more Northwards, in Ethiopia.
Richard Leakey achieved an almost finished reconstruction of a Homo erectus skeleton known as the famous ‘Turkana boy’, a hominid aged 1.6 million years, ten years later, in 1984.

Richard had formerly considered the modern man to be the possible direct ancestor of homo sapiens and according to his cranial capacity, this homid was more evolved.
To this same species if homo sapiens was Dubois’ Pithecanthropus assimilated.

A panorama, which was about to diffuse was allowed by research to be drawn, while description of new Australopithecin species was taking place and the species were starting to fall into place.
To the Southern and Eastern Africa were the hominids and pre hominids limited, not until more than one million years ago.

Australopithecus and Homo being the two major evolutionary divergent branches coexisted until the more primitive, Australopithecus became distinct.
Some few pioneering Homo erectus clans moved to Asia one million years ago.
An entrepreneurial and inquisitive scientist called Eugene Dubois made a discovery one million years later, of one homo erectus that had reached the Solo river banks, during the early migrations, only to die there.

The origin of pre hominids is pushed further back in history, by the more recent findings that keep the thrill.
Ardipithecus  ramidus  is a new species found in Ethiopia, whose remains were dated by Tim White and Berhane Asfaw in 4.4 million years, in 1994.
A discovery of a 4.2 million-year old elderly man, Australopithecus anamensis, now the oldest of Australopithecins and judged to be the ancestor of Australopithecus afarensis was made by Meave Leakey, Richard’s wife, together with Alan Walker’s co-operation one year later at the Turkana site.
Doctors Marin Pickford and Brigitte Jenut, leading a French-Kenyan team, in November 2000, discovered 6 million year old fossilized hominids’ remains in rock layers in Kapsomin, located in the Tugen Hills at Baringo District.

During 100000-140000 years ago, our fore parents saw the light and began filling the planet with populations, which brought about the origins of Homo sapiens the modern man.

The biography of our ancestors is however very incomplete.
The book of Mankind’s History still contains many empty pages however much an invaluable support in molecular biography has today been found by the study of fossil remains.
A previous species, Homo ergaster, who was a true ancestor of ours, is one to which Homo erectus is said to be a blind alley of.
100,00 years ago, Homo erectus became extinct and was considered a predecessor of man formerly.
This species was thought to some how be a precursor of the Europeans ‘Heidelberg man’ or Homo heidelbergensis, which some 200,000 years ago was extinct and Neanderthal Man or Homo neanderthalensis his successor, coexisted with the Homo Sapiens and 30,000 years ago vanished in thin air.

The Scientific community, that holds two opposed theories, could simply discuss the matter of the evolutionary line between our grandfather Homo ergaster and us.

Origin of Homosapiens’ models:
The hypothesis refered to as ‘Garden of Eden’ and also given names like ‘Mitochondrial Eve’, ‘Out of Africa’ or ‘Noah’s Ark’ is one after which, 200,000 years ago, a small African population comprising all modern humans with our origin lived and of which, survival was for only one maternal lineage, was supported by the First genetic evidences.
This therefore implies that everyone of us would be from the descendant line of a single common mother, for whom  our mitochondrial DNA would keep her inheritance, the genetic sequences contained in the cellular part that distributes energy, which only a mother transmits to all her offsprings.
The extinction of the Local pre-existing groups, among which are the last Asian populations of Homo erectus and European Homo delbergensis, is the result of the Exodus of the descendants of this primeval “Eve” towards Asia and Europe.

The invaluable findings in Autapuerca in Spain, which are opposite the Mitochondrial Eve theory, have provided the Multi regional, a rival mode with support.

Regional continuity, present day human population racial difference originator and distinctive anatomical features that persisted over time, were developed by the migratory populations of Homo erectus in Asia and Europe according to It’s Mitochondrial hypothesis.
The Homo Sapiens is a single form to which these individual groups in parallel evolved over thousands of years.
780,00 years ago, the unearthing of the fossils assigned to Homo antecessor, a novel species, whose oldest remains dated the Earliest European Homo species, by the Spanish research team in the Burgos Province mountain range, is a basis on which Atapuerca findings’ contribution to this model of the Homosapiens is put.
These first dwellers would have evolved independently towards our species with Asian and African groups doing the same rather than becoming extinct upon invasion by Homo Sapiens from Africa. For instance the ‘Mitochondrial Eve’ theory they would defend, had it been that the Homo antecessor was a direct ancestor of all European Homo Sapiens, including us, as is postulated.

Paleoan thropologists have not yet precisely achieved the species to consider as common ancestors to man and modern ape, in this exciting context and despite us getting closer to meet our fore parents somewhere beneath the African soil, in a continent which is someway still an unexplored territory, is where this primeval man-ape sleeps.

Religions, tribes, cultures and customs are what make up Kenya’s population.
The Cushite and the Northern Nilotic people, basing on what we know today, invaded the native inhabitants of the Kenyan land first, years ago, a time when the nation’s human map was started.
Arabs, Europeans and Asians then came forth after the Bantu’s, which explains the skin colours of Kenyans covering the range of clears and darks.

There is an uneven distribution of nearly 30 million Kenyans throughout the country since human settling in the Northern and NorthEastern regions, which are rather arid and hostile, is not favoured.

It’s quite rare to find 2 inhabitants per square Km as the population density in these regions, while the opposite occurs in the Western Region where the density goes up to 120 people living per square Km due to the presence of rich and fertile soils.
Population density is different in different areas within the Rift Valley, having a mean of 13 persons living per square Km.

The climate in the Kenyan highlands is mild and so that compels most of the Kenyans to live in them.
Nairobi, Kisumu, Mombasa and Nakuru are some of Kenya’s large cities and contain 25% of the total population, which is the urban population, while the fertile areas are where the rural population is confined and their major activity for survival is agriculture.

In Kenya, the employed population including nomadic shepherds and small farmers is only 4 million people.
Of the total active population, 30% are women.

The linguistic origin of the tribes is a factor by which they are classified in Kenya, since it’s population is mainly black.
In the South East, central highlands and the coastal regions is where the Bantu tribes, which take up 65% of the total population stay. 30% of the total population, which are the Nilotics, stay in the South West and the Central Rift Valley region, yet those in the Northern areas are the Cushite peoples and take up 3% of the total population.
Minorities like the Europeans, Hindus and Arabs also make up the population spectrum.
A lot of Kenyans are made to speak more than one language due to this diversity.
Kenyans learn English, the official language from school, though Swahili is common language fro the Entire East Africa.
Inspite of this, native language still persists.
Both wealth and conflict originate from the same source, Diversity.

As it is in other African nations, the feeling of nation in Kenya is applicable mainly to own tribe regardless of efforts by the government to make the Kenyans love the idea of one united nation with a common destiny.
The illiterate Kenyans have failed to assume the concept of the state.
The imaginary border between Kenya and Tanzania more than 100 years ago split the Masaai land.

The collective memory of the Masaai being one people despite the tearing apart of the Masaai destines by time at either side of the boarder.
It is therefore difficult for the Masaai to figure out why the arbitrary line is quite hard to cross, cuts the path to their cousin’s villages.

This continues even in these recent times, where entrance to another tribe’s territory is treated with hostility and without trust.

Kenya’s Population in 1999 is summarized as follows:

There are 28,808,658 people in total in Kenya, with a population growth rate of 1.59% and a mortality rate of 59.07 / 1000 living births.
The life expectancy of the total population is 47.02 years and yet that of males and females is 46.46 and 47.49 years respectively.

Concerning religious denominations in Kenya, 28% is taken up by Catholics, yet the majority, which is 38% is taken up by Protestants. Muslims take up 7% and others are only 1% of the total population.

The age structure of the population in Kenya is as below:

0-14 YEARS    15-64 YEARS    65+ YEARS
Males     6244321    7845083    343449
Females     6104181    7826442    445182
Percentage     43    54    3

Kenya ethnicity is made of the following ethnic groups;
Luo taking 13% of the total population,
Kamba 1ith 11%, Meru and Kisii with 6%, Kalenjin with 12%, Kikuyu taking up 22%  and so it’s the largest, followed by Luhya with 14%. Other Africans take up 15%, yet non-Africans like Europeans, Asians and Arabs only occupy 1% of the total population.

Kenya has a migration rate of – 0.34 emigrants per 1000 inhabitants and a death rate of 14.58 / 1000 people, together with a birth rate of 30.8 / 1000 people.

The natality rate is 3.88 births per woman.

Apart from numerous local languages used, the official spoken language is English with Swahili as the national one.

The literacy level of Kenyan’s above 14 years of age according to 1995 data is 70% in females, 86.3% in males and 78.1% in the total population.